‌ثانيا: فندر في عيون الغرب - منهج دراسة الأديان بين الشيخ رحمت الله الهندي والقس فندر

(1) د. كلينتون: حصل على الدكتوراة من جامعة برمنجهام في بريطانيا، ويعمل حاليا أستاذا في كلية ويست مينستر في جامعة أكسفورد في حقل دراسات الأديان، وقام بالتبشير في بنغلادش (1979 - 1983) وأصبح في عام (1987 - 1992) م مسئول العلاقات الداخلية الدينية في المؤتمر العالمي للتنصير في كنائس المجلس البريطاني.

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((Christine Schrimacher، .Schrimacher ،born 1962 (MA in Islamic studies 1988، Dr.Phil in Islamic studies 1991). Presently she is Professor of Islamic studies of Protestant university in Leuven / Belgium and Director of the Institute of Islamic studies of German Evangelical Alliance as well as an official speaker and advisor on Islam for the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA). Chrestine schirrmacher ، The Islamic view of Major Christian teachings ،(Germany: World Evangelical Alliance، V 2، 2008).

Summary of her book: -

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In the nineteenth century a Muslim-Christian debate took place for away from the traditional centers of Muslim learning. In Agra in 1854، probably for the first time، Muslim theologians used European critical works as proofs against Christian missionaries.

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The nineteenth century marks a turning point when it comes to Muslim apologetics: The Muslims developed a completely new method to prove Christianity to be the (false religion) with the help European sources being mainly Christian theological works (e.g. Bible commentaries).

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After the publication of Izhar-al-haqq، this method controversy became common among Muslim apologists such as Muhammad Rashid Rida and Muhammad Muhammad AbuZhara to prove the traditional charge of tahrif.

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Tahrif is the center of Christian - Muslim apologetics of the nineteenth century (Christology of redemption is the carter of apologetics in the twentieth century).

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This leads to a new Muslim view of Christianity during the nineteenth century. The dogmas of Christianity are no longer disorted in fragments but rather as a whole.

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(1) ((AlBERT HOURANI to: Clare Hall، Islam in European Thought ، Cambridge ،1989، Page:16.

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(" (The debate was in conclusive، because Pfander with drew after the second session، but it is clear from the reports that he did not get the better of the exchanges، Rahmatullah had some knowledge of the new German science of biblical criticism، which he had derived from an Indian Muslim doctor who knew English well، and he used this to put the question of the authenticity and authority of the Bible in a new light".