‌ب- المراجع الأجنبية - أثر تطور المعارف الطبية على تغير الفتوى والقضاء

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‌ب- المراجع الأجنبية

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Adolescent Medicine [Journal] = Male Puberty: Physical، psychological and emotional issues/ auth.Goldstein Mark A .. - October 2003. - 3: Vol. 14.

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Brain Death and Withdrawal of Support Surgical Clinics of North America [Journal] / auth.Maxim D.Hammer MDa، David Crippen، MDb. - Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders Company، December 2006. - 6: Vol. 86.

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CIRCUMCISION، MUTILATION، MALE، FEMALE [كتاب] / المؤلف محمود كريم، أستاذ النساء والتوليد بجامعة عين شمس .. - القاهرة: دار المعارف.

3 -

Clinical management of pregnancy in cats [Journal] / auth.Kustritz Root// Theriogenology. -17 ، 2006. - 1: Vol. 66. - 16620942 (PubMed ID).

4 -

CNN [Online] / auth.Associated Press// CNN. -3012 ، 2006. - 2007. - http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/12/30/old.mom.ap/index.html.

5 -

Comprehensive Gynecology [Book] / auth.Katz. - USA: Mosby (Elsevier)، 2007. - 5. - Chapter 38.

6 -

Donation after Cardiac Death in the US: History and Use [Journal] / auth.Peter L.Abt MD، Carol A.Fisher BA and Arun K.Sing PhD// Journal of the American College of Surgeons. - Chicago: American College of Surgeons، August 2006. - 2: Vol. 203.

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Evidence Based Medicine overview of the main steps for developing and grading guideline recommendations [Journal] / auth.P.Abrams S Khoury، A.Grant// Prog Urol. - Paris: Prog Urol، 2007. - 17: Vol. 2007. - pp. 681 - 684.

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Fact Sheet No. 23، Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children [Online] / auth.The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) // The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). - 1979. - http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu 6/2/fs 23.htm#*2.

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Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique [Online] / auth.W.G.Rathmann M.D .. - 1959. - http://www.circlist.com/femalecirc/femalecirc.html. - Taken from Dr.Rathmann's book: W.G.Rathmann، M.D.GP، vol.XX، no. 3، pp 115 - 120، September، 1959.

10 -

Female Genital Cutting [Online] / auth.Encyclopaedia Britannica// Encyclopaedia Britannica. - 2007. -2712 ، 2007. - http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024411.

11 -

Female Genital Mutilation [Online] / auth.World Health Organization// World Health Organization. -2412 ، 2007. - http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/fgm/obstetric_problems.html.

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Female Genital Mutilation: Prevalence [Online] / auth.team WHO// World Health Organization. -2812 ، 2007. - http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/fgm/prevalence.htm.

13 -

Gabbe: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies [Book] / auth.Divon Michael Y .. - Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone an imprint of Elsevier، 2007. - 5.

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Grading Strength of Recommendations and Quality of Evidence in Clinical Guidelines Report From an American College of Chest Physicians Task Force [Journal] / auth.American College of Chest Physicians Task Force// American College of Chest Physicians. - 2006. - 1: Vol. 129.

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Human Derdopment As described in the Quran and Sunnah; Correletion With Modern Embryology [Book] / auth.Keith L.Moore Gerald Goeringer، E.Marsholl Johnson، T.V.N Persaud، Mustafa A.Ahmed، Abdul-Majeed Al-Zindani. - Illinois، USA: Islamic Academy for Scientific research، 1994.

16 -

Know the Facts About Circumcision [Journal] / auth.Wisewell Thomas E// Infections Diseases in Children. - Thorofare، NJ.USA: Slack Inc.، 20031 .

17 -

Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics [Book] / auth.Nelson Waldo E. - Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders، 1996. - 15.

18 -

Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology [Book] / auth.Emans S.Jean، Laufer Marc R and Goldstein Donald P .. - Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins، 2005. - Fifth.

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Perinatal Care at the Threshold of Viability [Journal] / auth.Hugh MacDonald MD، and the Committee on Fetus and Newborn// PEDIATRICS. - USA: AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS، Nov. 2002. - 5: Vol. 110.

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Pharmacologic pre-conditioning and controlled reperfusion prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury after 30 minutes of hypoxia/ischemia in porcine hearts [Journal] / auth.Fedalen P.A.Piacentino V. ، III، Jeevanandam V.، et al// Journal of Heart Lung Transplant. - Amsterdam: Elsevier، 2003. - Vol. 22. - p. 123.

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Potential suitability for transplantation of hearts from human non-heart-beating donors [Journal] / auth.Singhal A.K.Abrams J.D.، Mohara J.، et al. // Journal of Heart Lung Transplantation. - Amsterdam: Elsevier، 2005. - Vol. 24. - pp. 1657 - 1664.

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Prenatal Consultation at the Limits of Viability [Journal] / auth.Halamek Louis// NeoReviews. - USA: American Academy of Pediatrics، 2003. - 6: Vol. 4.

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Superfecundation in etiology of twin pregnancy [Journal] / auth.W Malinowski// Ginekologia polska. -110 ، 2006. - 10: Vol. 77. - 17219814 (PubMed ID).

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Tiniest Babies [Online] / auth.Iowa University of and Department Pediatric// University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. -182 ، 2008. - http://www.medicine.uiowa.edu/tiniestbabies/.

25 -

Tobacco Free Initiative [Online] / auth.disease World Health Organization/ Noncommunicable// World Health Organization. -281 ، 2008.

26 -

Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The P value fallacy [Journal] / auth.S Goodman// Ann Intern Med. - 1999. - 12: Vol. 130. - 995 - 1004.

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Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants [Journal] / auth.Fanaroff AA Stoll BJ، Wright LL، Carlo WA، Ehrenkranz RA، Stark AR، Bauer CR، Donovan EF، Korones SB، Laptook AR، Lemons JA، Oh W، Papile LA، Shankaran S، Stevenson DK، Tyson JE، Poole WK// American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - USA: Mosby، 2007. - 2: Vol. 196. - PMID: 17306659.

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Turning Science into Junk: the Tobacco Industry and Passive Smoking [Journal] / auth.Samet Jonathan M.and Burke Thomas A. // American journal of public health. -200111 . - 11: Vol. 91. - pp. 1742 - 1744. - PMID: 11684591.

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Why Most Published Research Findings Are False [Journal] / auth.Ioannidis John P.A. // PLoS Medicine. - 2005. - 2: Vol. 8. - pmed. 0020124.